Technology is being used to create, fix, and refine surveys because the corporate workforce is changing dramatically. Therefore, “firms that specialize in survey research maintain a bank of pre-tested questions” (Cooper & Schindler, 2014, p. 312). Textbooks, clearinghouses, and web sources are data sources that have these pre-test tools. “The data sources and software sets are available both as downloads and are restricted by researchers. Sources make it easier to answer research questions using data already collected, but the problem of missing data is always a challenge” (King, Hernandez, & Lott II, 2012, p. 53). Existing questions present some problems. Using borrowed or existing questions can pose a problem due to their reliability and validity. The instruments “may not have reported the sampling and testing procedures necessary to judge the quality of the measurement scale” (Cooper & Schindler, 2014, p. 313). Additionally, times change and using old questions that are outdated due to the use of language and the way the questions are worded can cause confusion in the participant.
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