IntroductionStem cell technology is developing rapidly to bring tissue and organ regeneration from the forefront of current research into the hands of clinicians for therapeutic interventions on injuries. Although this field is progressing rapidly, several limiting factors have reduced the efficacy and survival of many transplanted cells. To understand the limitations, a deeper understanding of the chemical-mechanical environment of a lesion is required. The development of tissues and organs from specific progenitor cells is tightly controlled by the surrounding biochemical environment. Specifically, oxygen tension, otherwise known as oxygen partial pressure, is one of many critical factors involved in the process of cell differentiation into specific tissues. There is a delicate balance between hypoxia (result of low oxygen tension) and normoxia throughout the cellular life cycle, and this balance varies depending on the biological microniche in which it resides. Tissue lesions are often accompanied by ischemic regions which have been shown to negatively affect the survival of transplanted stem cells. This has resulted in major adaptations in the ex vivo tissue expansion protocol and in vivo injury therapies such as cardiac cell transplantation in the hypoxic environment of a recent myocardial infarction or other regions of ischemic attacks. This review will present the progress of current knowledge on the role of oxygen tension in organogenesis and the significant clinical applications within stem cell therapies. Previously, it has been reported that stem cell fate differs with various oxygen tensions depending on the lineage. Here, we first examine the initial uncertainty of the effects of hypoxia and stem cell fate such as rep...... half of article ...... respiration and biogenesis, glycolysis, cell proliferation, and cell apoptosis (6 ). Although hypoxic conditions have proven quite effective in preventing apoptosis and ensuring cell survival after transplantation, the future of preconditioning lies in pharmaceutical approaches to mimic hypoxic conditions. although cobalt has this effect, it is toxic to the organic body. This has prompted research into other pharmaceutical products that have a similar and safer effect. Perhaps gene therapy to induce the expression of factors relevant to the hypoxic environment is a potential means of preconditioning. Investigating every survival-promoting aspect of stem cell transplantation will contribute to the reality of regenerative medicine in clinical applications. Bibliography6. Tsai YP, Wu KJ. Hypoxia-regulated target genes implicated in tumor metastasis. J Biomed Sci. 2012;20:102.