Evidence for "institutional research" dates back to the 18th century. An article written by WH Cowley identifies the earliest example of an "institutional research" study conducted at Yale University in 1701. Further support for the field of institutional research is found in 9 (1) self-contained studies conducted on an ad hoc basis by individuals institutions interested in investigating questions related to their unique circumstance; (2) surveys conducted by external groups or associations between institutions; and (3) the establishment of specialized research committees, bureaus, or research-oriented bureaus in large public universities charged with investigating relevant issues on an ongoing basis