Question 3: Professional journalism is a relatively new industry in American history. Before the Civil War there was a lot of tension in the United States. The conflicts between South and North offered journalism a great opportunity for development, and by the end of the Civil War, modern print journalism was already on the right track. In the 1920s, radio broadcasting began to develop and created a new way of sharing news from one point to multiple communities. To some extent, World War II greatly benefited from broadcasting and ushered in the development of modern broadcast journalism. Let's start with the pre-war period. As we learned in class, from 1820 (Missouri Compromise) to April 1865 (peace), the United States went from crisis to crisis, and by 1850 the political system disintegrated. At the same time, newspapers began to develop and became mass media – widely read, instant reporting – capable of amplifying political debates of unprecedented complexity: they carried the public's restlessness, anxieties and hope; it reported the economics and morality of slavery, various proposals for conciliation and compromise, and the meaning of the Constitution. Just as Walt Lippmann once said: “In a sense, the current crisis of Western democracy is a crisis of journalism.” Therefore, journalists began to share information with the general public and this had a huge influence. For example, the party press was very important in the period 1789-1833. It was founded to bring the party's views to the public during debates. Its function was to serve the parties, even for a single election, without any concept of balance/objectivity. At the time, editors/journalists sought and held political office, without any sense of conflict of interest. In the 1820s and 1830s, print was... at the center of paper... and this caused the decline of the black press. Although at the end of the twentieth century, black newspapers were still struggling and never regained their power after World War II, however, as Washburn said: “No matter what black newspapers have become in the last half of the twentieth century , their distant roar can still be heard. And it's magnificent.”(205) • Soon after the United States entered World War I, the FBI ordered its Chicago office to investigate the Chicago Defender, the most influential black newspaper – the public and politicians of the South knew it accused of causing unrest, crippling the South's war effort – Highlighting racial injustice by a government-concerned newspaper would prevent African Americans from enlisting • Only two black newspapers were prosecuted for acts of sedition • Agreement between black editors and government : It would promote loyalty and condemn lynching and discrimination