When Paul Rand died at the age of 82, his career had spanned sixty years and numerous chapters in the history of design. His efforts to elevate graphic design from a craft to a profession began as early as 1932, when he was still a teenager. By the early 1940s, it had influenced the practice of advertising, books, magazines, and package design. By the late 1940s he had developed a design language based exclusively on form where once only style and technique prevailed (Heller). Rand did not set out to be a radical. Trained in the commercial art bullpens of New York City, he thoroughly understood the needs of the market, while disapproving of aesthetic standards that hindered functionality. He modeled himself on Paul Klee, El Lissitzky and Le Corbusier, each of whom championed a timeless spirit in design, and adhered to Le Corbusier's dictum that "being modern is not a fashion, it is a state" (Maeda) . Rand was born Paul Rosenbaum in 1914 in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn and grew up in a family that strictly adhered to Orthodox Jewish law that prohibited image-making. At the age of three, she demonstrated her rebellious nature by drawing models on her father's grocery store signs. Her artistic interest was later piqued by comics such as George Herriman's "Krazy Kat" and Nell Brinkley's Comic Women in the New York World. He painted signs at PS 109 for school events, assignments that allowed him to be excused from "not so interesting classes, like gym, math, social studies and English." Religious issues aside, his father maintained that art was no way to make a living, and although he was resigned to paying the $25 tuition fee for his son's evening classes at Pratt Institute, he did so. ..half of the paper......I live" (Behrens).Behrens, Roy R. "Historical Note." Print December '97. EBSCOhost.Academic Search Elite. Westwood College Library. February 3 2005Bierut, Michael. “Playing from Mr. Rand's Rules.” Eye 1995. 21 January 2005. “Paul Rand.” 82. EBSCOhost Academic Search Elite "Paul Rand: Graphic Designer". John. “Thoughts on Paul Rand.” February 1997. January 21, 2005 P., R. “A History of 'Malicious Obedience.'” Across the Board May 1997: 22 .EBSCOhost.MasterFILE WestwoodCollege Library 2005"Paul Rand" January 21, 2005 "Pioneers, Paul Rand". .com March-April 1999. January 21.2005