Pluralism with Multiple Methods of Adaptation Gould and Lewontin present an argument that criticizes the way evolutionary science relies solely on adaptations in the current environment. Their thesis, known as pluralism, states that evolutionary biology continues down the path of adaptationism without ever exploring other methods. Gould and Lewontin propose several alternative approaches, the fourth of which states that identical trade in different organisms of the same species can be conducted in different ways that have the same result. They claim that organisms doing this are a product of selection, although using one method over another does not improve the organism's fitness. To demonstrate this, suppose there are two foxes. The former is able to dig the burrow using its front legs and snout while the latter uses its hind legs followed by the front ones. In this scenario both foxes dig equally sufficient burrows at the same rate and both are able to stay and live comfortably within them. The foxes achieve the same result by using different methamphetamines...