Modern nationalism began as a liberal reaction to the autocracy of Europe's dynastic states. Before the nineteenth century, nationality was based on personal loyalty to a monarch. Thus a Frenchman living in 1785 would rightly consider himself a subject of the Bourbon king Louis XVI rather than a French citizen. Furthermore, French did not need to be French by language and tradition as most dynastic states were made up of a mixture of culturally diverse peoples. By the early 1800s, however, the idea of ​​belonging to a geographic nation composed of peoples united by common language, customs, and historical tradition proved too seductive to resist. Inspired by nationalist writers such as Jean Paul Marat in France, Giuseppe Mazzini in Italy and Johann Wolfgang Goethe in Germany, one after another European states underwent a change that was more than aesthetic as a government and national borders were reforged along logical lines of cultural peculiarity. IN France, Louis XVI was dethroned and eventually beheaded, and the monarchy was replaced by a republican form of government. Germany, which once consisted of over three hundred independent principalities, was moving toward unification under the leadership of Prussia, following a similar path to Germany as Italian nationalists sought to unite their homeland by straddling it from foreign rule. The Balkan states of Europe aspired to free themselves from the rule of the Ottoman Turks, a rule that lasted more than three hundred years. Since its first impact in 19th-century Europe, nationalism has been an irrepressible force that has left its distinctive mark throughout history... middle of paper... since 1811. But in 1825, Emperor Francis II convened the routine in response to the Hungarian nobility's growing concern about taxes and the declining economy following the wars. This triggered Hungary's reform period. This period saw slow progress, as the nobles insisted on maintaining their privileges. As you noticed in Document 7, there is some anger and motivation to liberate the country in the lyrics. Nationalism was an important factor in shaping the development of Europe. From the mid-1800s until World War I, a wave of romantic nationalism swept across the European continent, transforming several countries on the continent. Some new countries, such as Germany and Italy, were formed by uniting smaller states with a common "national identity". Others, such as Greece, Poland and Bulgaria, were formed by gaining their independence.