One example was forced European ideals on male hierarchical structuring as it disrupted the internal workings of the tribal council. Traditionally, the clan mother appointed male leaders, “[serving] at her pleasure.” The ratification of the clan mothers on all decisions of the council was also necessary. (p. 32) Shaking the basic structures of the community would undoubtedly affect all other aspects of their culture as well. Another example was the individualization of spirituality that occurred with the various denominations of Christianity, imposed by missionaries. Traditionally, their spirituality was community-driven in relationship not only with humans but with all “relatives,” such as mountains, rivers, animals, etc. While this example also has religious implications, it also illustrates the cultural shift from community focus to individual focus. saving gain that takes away the connection with