Topic > smoking and heart disease - 867

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) or heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world. In 2008, approximately 17.3 million people died from heart disease and by 2030, over 23 million people will die from heart disease (WHO, 2014). The causes of heart disease vary due to many risk factors. Tobacco use is a major risk factor for heart disease. The magnitude of the global acceleration in heart disease mortality and morbidity rates makes the need for public attention and global responses to cigarette smoking urgent. More importantly, smoking is a preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The burden of cardiovascular disease has been the main reason for numerous studies and investigations with the aim of improving interventions against smoking and the prevention of heart disease. Evidence from biological links, environment and age has shown various evidence that smoking is linked to the cause of heart disease. Together with cultural attitudes towards smoking, nicotine dependence, gender and the economic costs of prevention and control worldwide reflect the difficulties in quitting smoking in different countries.1) Heart disease appears as the leading cause of death in developed and developing countries (WHO, 2011); however, the mortality rate varies greatly from one country to another. Studies have shown that heart disease deaths in developing countries account for 75% of global deaths (Gaziano, 2010). Observing the statistical data on the general trends of cardiovascular diseases. This evidence suggests that a country with a high prevalence of smoking faces significant risks of morbidity and mortality among the population related to heart disease. For example, in one... half of the article... inverse relationship between the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in plasma, which is the level of good cholesterol, and the risk of developing heart disease , which means the higher the HDL level in the plasma, the lower chance for people to get heart disease (He, 2013). Furthermore, genetic variation is an important factor in smoking for cardiovascular disease. An important gene in our body called NPC1 is responsible for regulating the NPC1 protein for the transport of cholesterol and lipids. The protein's dysfunction can cause a buildup of cholesterol and other lipids in the body (Ma, 2010), which could cause excess cholesterol, block blood vessels, and cause a heart attack. Evidence has shown that smoking can cause changes in NPC1 and consequently lead to dysfunctions in cholesterol and lipid regulation, thus leading to coronary heart disease (Ma, 2010).