Emile Durkheim was a French theorist who focused on several aspects of human beings, including suicide. He invented four different forms of suicide which are: selfish, altruistic, anomic and fatalistic. He states that suicide is always the act of a person who would much rather choose death than life, but what makes each form of suicide different is what leads the person to want to take their own life (Applerout 133). It doesn't seem plausible that a theory formulated in the late 1800s could still apply today. While many believe there is only one form of suicide, it is important not to overlook the importance of altruistic and fatalistic suicide theories and how those theories are still applicable in the 21st century.I. Four Forms of Suicide Durkheim wrote a book titled “Suicide: A Study in Sociology” in which he discusses in detail his methodical thinking and approach to the four forms of suicide. Eugene Hynes summarizes the context of each form of suicide. He states: “Fatalism presents itself as the suicide of people with “a future ruthlessly blocked and passions violently stifled by oppressive discipline.” Anomic suicides result from the inability to control passions and are therefore angry and violent. Egoistic suicide results from too little direction toward social identity and is characterized by “dreamy melancholy,” “complacency,” and “indifference.” Altruistic suicides are committed with deliberate energy and a sense of duty, perhaps enthusiasm” (90). The best way to think about each form of suicide is to create a Cartesian plane and remember each quadrant as it will be labeled to clarify how each Suicide fits into Durkheim's theory of suicide. In quadrant I, fatalism is assigned... in the center of the sheet... the second is a more individualistic dimension and sees the suicidal act as an escape route from a hopeless situation. In both cases, as proposed by Durkheim, these feelings are the result of social regulation and integration, so social structure, together with the subjective point of view of the individual, both play an important role in the realm of suicide terrorism”( 420). III. Conclusion Emile Durkheim researched and wrote a book on the four forms of suicide in the late 1800s and through this article came to the conclusion that the same theories he wrote years ago still, in fact, relate to the 21st century. An explanation was given for each different form of suicide which were: anomic, selfish, fatalism and altruism. The two theories that were explored were altruism and fatalism and were applied and compared to the infamous suicide bombers.
tags