In 2005, Barbara Reynolds and Matthew W. Seeger examined the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) model as a way to explain crises recent ones, including West Nile virus (1999-present), anthrax (2001), sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (2002-2003), and avian influenza (2004). The model explains how to best approach the situation both as risk communication and crisis communication and how to best prepare the public for the situation (Reynolds & Seeger 2005). This detailed examination of how to respond to the crisis based on the needs of the audience and the severity of the situation lays the foundation for future studies on crisis communication. The CERC is commonly used by the Center for Disease Control as a basis for how to manage various health problems