These include both trade-restricting measures such as technical barriers, and trade-promoting measures that include export subsidies and not tariffs. According to data from the Ministry of Trade and Industry, the maximum number of NTM cases is recorded in the cotton sector (19), followed by chapters related to clothing and clothing items(15) (i.e. chapters 61-63 of the SA). Four types of NTMs are imposed by countries around the world, they are different from country to country, but usually include customs and rules of origin, labor and environmental standards, minimum import price (Saini 2009). The flexibility of WTO rules has allowed for an escalation of non-tariff measures strongly linked to standards, certification, labeling and licensing requirements. In sectors where developing countries enjoy more comparative advantages, such as textiles, agricultural products, engineering products, leather, pharmaceuticals, etc., they are more subject to such trade restrictions. Especially regulatory or standards-related barriers have emerged as obstacles altering the competitiveness of T&A exporters for developing countries in this era. The use of NTMs and technical barriers to trade (TBTs) in addition to price and quantity controls increased from 55 to