The volume of Dickens' novel Hard Times includes the subtitle: “For These Times,” which refers to Thomas Carlyle's 1829 article “Signs of the Times.” Literary critic Michael Goldberg states, "Carlyle remained a hero to Dickens throughout his life..." (2), and Dickens's analysis of utilitarianism contains a strong bias towards Carlyle's. It revealed the dangers of a civilization-limiting barbaric system in which imagination, empathy and emotion could not be expressed. However, Dickens reveals that the beneficial and successful qualities of life cannot be easily ruined. The human qualities of hope and empathy actually never completely disappear because Dickens uses his characters to display these qualities to counteract the desolation resulting from the effects of industrialization. Dickens reveals the flaws in urban workers being exploited by industrialists and the effects of seeding knowledge with the possibility of losing emotions and feelings. Although Dickens is highly critical of the effects of utilitarianism, he could not have found a more effective way to ensure social justice through ethics.