Adaptive design This is based on existing design, such as standard products or systems adopted for a new application. Conveyor belts, machine and mechanism control systems or conveyor systems are some of the examples where existing systems designs are adapted for a particular use. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay Here we start with an existing design but end up with a modified design. A new car model is a typical example of evolutionary design. This type of design is completely new but based on existing scientific principles. There is no scientific invention involved but it requires creative thinking to solve a problem. Examples of this type of design may include designing a small vehicle to transport men and materials aboard a ship or across a desert. Some research activities may be necessary, based on empirical formulas which in turn are based on experience and experiments. For example, when we tighten a nut on a bolt the force exerted or the stresses induced cannot be determined exactly but experience shows that the tightening force can be given by P=284d where d is the diameter of the bolt in mm and P is the diameter applied force in kg. There is no mathematical support for this equation, but it is based on observations and experience. These are based on industrial considerations and norms, viz. market survey, external appearance, production facilities, low cost, use of existing standard products. Knowledge of machine design helps designers as follows: Select appropriate materials and most suitable shapes. Calculate the dimensions based on the loads on the machines and the strength of the material. Specify the manufacturing process for manufacturing the designed component of the machine or the entire machine. Machine design is the application of: mathematics, kinematics, statics, dynamics, mechanics of materials, technical materials, mechanical technology of metals and technical drawing. It also involves the application of other subjects such as thermodynamics, electrical theory, hydraulics, engines, turbines, pumps, etc. Machine drawing is an integral part of machine design, as all components or machines that have been designed should be designed to manufacture them. as per specifications. Without the machine drawing, the object of machine design is incomplete. Machine load can be classified as: Static load: The load does not change in magnitude and direction and normally increases gradually to a constant value. Dynamic load: The load can change in magnitude, for example, traffic of varying weight crossing a bridge. The load can change direction, for example, load on the rod of a double-acting cylinder. Design for static loading Types of loads on machine elements and allowable stresses. Concept of yielding and fracture. Different theories of failure. Construction of yield surfaces for failure theories. Optimize a design by comparing different failure theories. Machine parts fail when stresses induced by external forces exceed their resistance. External loads cause internal stresses in the elements and the size of the components depends on the stresses developed. Please note: this is just an example. Get a custom paper from our expert writers now. Get a custom essay Loading could be due to: The energy transmitted by a machine element. Self-weight. Inertia forces. Load.