IndexIntroductionAir qualityGeneral health concernPublic health concernPotential effect on human healthChallenges and barriersPublic health roles, responsibilities and protectionConclusionIntroductionIn urban communities, air pollution is a major health problem and can threaten everyone's lives. For this reason, air temperature is an indicator of a boundary layer (Miller et al. 2013). When you understand what temperature inversion is, you will see that it is a reversal of the normal temperature in the troposphere. This occurs when the layer of cool air is covered by warmer air in a normal state (Hughes, R.N., Hughes, D., and Smith, I.P., 2013). There are five processes responsible for the reversal. These five processes are the advection of cold air followed by a cold wave. According to Hughes et al. (2010), there will also be the following processes for the boundary layer to have growth to a cold wave event, radiative cooling of the cloud tops, adiabatic heating due to subsidence, surface convection at or near the observation site and daytime heating process. Overall, the troposphere decreases with increasing height. Yet a temperature inversion is a condition in which temperature increases with height (Hughes, R.N., Hughes, D., & Smith, I.P., 2013). Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay Air Quality The temperature is cooler as the air in the atmosphere rises. The reason for this is that the sun and its energy can convert into heat which turns the air into hot air (Rendón, A. M et al., 2015). As the air travels, its heat travels into the atmosphere, expands, and then cools (Rendón, A. M et al., 2015). Sometimes you will see the temperature increase in height. There are two types of temperature inversions: shallow inversions that occur near the Earth's surface and elevated inversions that occur over the ground. Surface inversions are the most critical in studying air quality. The best-known way surface inversions form is through the cooling of the air near the ground towards the evening. Once the sun sets, the ground rapidly loses heat and this cools the air in contact with the ground (Rendón, A. M et al., 2015). Be that as it may, because air is an exceptionally poor conductor of heat, the air just above the surface remains warm. Conditions that support improved solid surface inversion are calm breezes, clear skies, and long evenings (Rendón, A. M et al., 2015). Calm breezes anticipate warmer air on the surface melting into the ground, and clear skies increase the rate of cooling at the Earth's surface. Long evenings take into account the cooling of the ground to proceed over a longer time span, resulting in a more notable drop in surface temperature (Teles, T.N., Gupta, S., Di Cintio, P., & Casetti, L., 2015 ). Because winter evenings are longer than mid-year evenings, surface inversions are more entrenched and more typical in the winter months. A robust inversion suggests that there is a significant temperature contrast between the cold air at the surface and the warmer air aloft (Teles, T.N., Gupta, S., Di Cintio, P., & Casetti, L., 2015) . During daylight hours, surface inversions typically weaken and fade as the sun warms the Earth's surface. However, under certain weather conditions, for example, high weights in the range, these reversals can last for a few days.Additionally, nearby geographic features can enhance the placement of inversions, particularly in valley areas. Surface temperature inversions play a significant role in air quality, especially in winter when these inversions are the most entrenched. The warm air above the colder air acts as a suffocating upper vertical, mixing and capturing the cooler air at the surface (Teles, T.N., Gupta, S., Di Cintio, P., & Casetti, L., 2015) . As toxins from vehicles, fireplaces and industries are airborne, inversion traps these poisons near the ground, resulting in poor air quality. The quality and extent of the inversion will control AQI levels near the ground. A strong inversion will keep contaminations on a shallow vertical layer, resulting in high AQI levels, while a weak inversion will bring lower AQI levels (Teles, T.N., Gupta, S., Di Cintio, P., & Casetti, L. , 2015). A big contributor to poor air quality during the winter is private wood consumption. Wood smoke contains significantly higher measures of particulate contamination than smoke from oil- or gas-terminated heaters. In some areas of the country, local governments issue consumption bans to reduce the use of wood stoves and fireplaces under certain weather and contamination conditions during the winter. General Health Concern The issue of fine particulate matter poses serious health concerns as it can pass through the nose and throat, retain deeply into the lungs, and bypass the lungs into the cardiovascular structure. The particles can irritate lung infections, such as asthma and bronchitis, and increase respiratory symptoms, such as wheezing, wheezing, or shortness of breath. PM2.5 can irritate cardiac conditions, including congestive heart failure and coronary supply tract infection (Guan, WJ, Zheng, XY, Chung, KF, & Zhong, NS, 2016). People of all ages face health risks from PM2.5 contamination, yet some groups are more defenseless than others (Guan, WJ, Zheng, XY, Chung, KF, & Zhong, NS, 2016). Children are at high risk because they invest more energy playing outdoors, their bodies are still creating, and they breathe in more quickly than adults, taking in more air per pound of body weight. Older adults and people with severe or persistent breathing problems are also at high risk. Indeed, even active adults who practice outdoors face a greater risk from fine particles because PM2.5 infiltrates further into the parts of the lungs that are most powerless against damage (Guan, WJ, Zheng, XY, Chung, K.F. and Zhong, N.S., 2016). Public Health Concern Fine particulate matter poses serious welfare concerns because it can travel through the nose and throat, linger deep in the lungs, and travel beyond the lungs. lungs in the cardiovascular structure. The particles can irritate lung diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis, and increase respiratory side effects, such as hacking, wheezing, or shortness of breath. PM2.5 can irritate heart disorders, including congestive heart failure and coronary vein disorders (Guan, WJ, Zheng, XY, Chung, KF, & Zhong, NS, 2016). Individuals of all ages face health risks from PM2.5 contamination, yet some groups are more helpless than others (Guan, WJ, Zheng, XY, Chung, KF, & Zhong, NS, 2016). Children are at high risk because they invest more energy playing outdoors, their bodies are still creating, and they breathe in more quickly than adults, taking in more air per pound of body weight. Even the elderly and people with severe or chronic respiratory problemsthey are at high risk. Indeed, even energetic adults who practice outdoors face a greater risk from fine particulate matter because PM2.5 infiltrates further into the parts of the lungs that are most defenseless against damage (Guan, WJ, Zheng, XY, Chung, K.F. and Zhong, N.S., 2016). Potential effect on human health One harmful effect of the inversion is smog. Breathing smog-filled air can be dangerous because the exhaust cloud contains ozone, a contamination that can harm our well-being when elevated levels are noticed everywhere around us we relax. Researchers have long examined the impacts of ozone on human well-being (Guan, W.J., Zheng, X.Y., Chung, K.F., & Zhong, N.S., 2016). So far, they've found that ozone can cause several types of immediate lung health effects. Ozone can aggravate the respiratory system. When this happens, you may begin to hack, feel discomfort in your throat, and experience an uncomfortable sensation in your chest (Guan, WJ, Zheng, XY, Chung, KF, & Zhong, NS, 2016). These symptoms can persist for a couple of hours after the onset of ozone and can even become clearly painful. Ozone can reduce lung work. When researchers allude to "lung work," they mean the amount of air you take in when you take a full breath and how quickly you can expel it. Ozone can make it more difficult to inhale as deeply and briskly as you normally would (Guan, WJ, Zheng, XY, Chung, KF, & Zhong, NS, 2016). The moment this happens, you may see that breathing starts to feel awkward. If you exercise or work outdoors, you may notice that you are taking faster, shallower breaths than usual. Reduced lung capacity can be a specific problem for outdoor specialists, focused athletes and other individuals who practice outdoors. Ozone can irritate asthma. When ozone levels are high, more asthmatics suffer from asthma attacks that require a visit to a specialist or the use of multiple medications. One reason this happens is that ozone makes people more sensitive to allergens, which are the best-known triggers for asthma attacks. Furthermore, asthmatics are more affected by reduced lung capacity and the deterioration that ozone causes in the respiratory system. Four groups of people, pictured below, are particularly sensitive to ozone. These gatherings clearly become sensitive to ozone when active outside, because the physical movement causes people to inhale faster and deeper. During action, ozone penetrates further into the parts of the lungs that are most defenseless against damage. Sensitive encounters include: Children. Active children are those who have the highest risk from ozone production. These children regularly spend much of their late spring break outdoors, engaged in vigorous exercise in their neighborhood or at summer camp. Likewise, children are more prone to having asthma or other respiratory disorders. Asthma is the most well-known chronic disease among children and can be irritated by the introduction of ozone. Dynamic adults out. Healthy adults of any age who exercise or work vigorously outdoors are considered a "sensitive group" because they have a greater amount of ozone exposure than people who are less active outdoors. Individuals with respiratory disorders, such as asthma. There is no evidence that ozone causes asthma or other chronic respiratory diseases, however these diseases make the lungs more defenseless against the effects of ozone (Guan, WJ, Zheng, XY, Chung, KF, & Zhong, NS, 2016). Thus, people with these conditions will generally experience the effects of ozone earlier and at lower levels than people less.