IndexAbstractIntroductionComponentsStakeholder analysisData producersData setsData usersStandardsGeoportalChallengesSummary and conclusionsAbstractThe term "Spatial Data Infrastructure" (SDI) is often used to denote the set of technologies, policies and institutional arrangements that facilitate spatial data infrastructure availability and access to spatial data. SDI describes the overall methodology, process, existing practices, terms and policies of Nepal. This paper describes the current situations and practice of SDI in Nepal along with future needs for effective and efficient managements. The development of SDI is not in its complete stage, but rather in its embryonic stages. The service we take exclusively concerns topographical maps, local resources, etc. along with baseline data collected by the Eastern Nepal Mapping and Western Mapping Project, which was an aid from the Finnish government. This data has been collected for the last 40 years but there is still difficulty in updating it, as there are many standards of OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) and ISO (International Standardization) to describe the standards, but it seems to somehow follow ISO19115 and ISO 19110. As the Survey Department owns the Geoportal, it has renewed its new version of the Geoportal since July 2018. This way it makes the search simpler, faster and easier to use. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay Introduction Nepal is known as the highest peak country in the world, for example Mount Everest. It is located between two giant countries, India and China. The study area is shown in Figure 1 below which shows the country in white color. The role of geoinformation is crucial for developing countries like Nepal. We are in a phase of development that makes us dependent on the geospatial sector. The terms SDI and NSDI are used interchangeably. SDI provides a foundation for the discovery, evaluation and application of spatial data for users and providers at all levels of government, in the commercial sector, in the non-profit sector, in academia and by citizens at large . The comparison between our SDI infrastructure and that of China and India is very advanced because it contained updated data, real time, web processing and satellite images. With the growing field of geospatial, surveying and other related industries, the question may arise as to how to control and manage such data for present and future prospects. Therefore, the Government of Nepal realizes the need for SDI from the 7th National Five Year Plan to date. Different agencies are creating different data standards, the survey department as the national mapping agency created the digital topographic database from its base map created between 1999 and 2002. Finally, the National Geographic Infrastructure Information Program (NGIIP) was established as a geoportal to provide geospatial resources to users. Talking about interoperability, it meets the conditions up to level 3 semantic interoperability based on the different level of interoperability. The geoportal is not as technical and functional as the INSPIRE geoportal from Europe. Somehow the development of its capacity for technological and practical applicability is under development. This program is control, update, regulation and maintenance under the Department of Investigation with communication of different stakeholders. Strengthen resource planning and management in Nepal by developing a geographic information infrastructure to access geographic and related data for the processdecision-making. a geospatial data infrastructure platform to facilitate data sharing between the survey department, the Central Statistics Office and participating agencies. SDI is not a single element, rather it is the integration of plan, policy, standards, data, formats, etc. This methodology is simple and fair demonstrating how SDI was conceptualized. The process initiated by combining the framework datasets and the core datasets that accept certain standards, norms, rules, policies, etc. to define the metadata service. When defining the metadata, it is simple and simply consists of the publisher's name, publication date, cost of the data, etc. Subsequently, the database that constitutes the different layers of images at different scales is formed. The next user queries the data on the geoportal using keywords and retrieves the results based on the needs and requirements of the user's queries. Finally, the geoportal retrieves the result in the communication network. All building blocks of the SDI are defined and provide a detailed description. Apart from that, what could be the existing and predictive elements to improve the existing ones. To define the datasets the spatial reference system is in MUTM (Modified Universal Transverse Mercator). The entire topographic map following cartographic practices. Considering the political decision making process, many forums, seminars, conferences etc. are held. for formulation and implementation. But there is still no concrete NSDI policy that brings all policies under one umbrella. Components Components are the building blocks of the SDI. The following are the components:Data producer: the organization that produces the geospatial data mainly as a survey department.Other partners: this section includes, like the forestry department, some private consultancies that produce maps.Data users: all those who they use the data freely or upon payment their benefits.Legislative body: the ministry, department which regulates after establishing certain norms, rules, plans and policies.Telecommunication service providers: the ISP provider like Nepal Telecom for communication between user and server.Stakeholder analysisStakeholders are those people, institutions, groups, media, subjects etc. who are directly and indirectly involved in the production, management and control of geodata. The stakeholders are the Department of Survey, Department of Mines and Geology, Department of National Parks and Protected Areas, Department of Forestry and Department of Statics. The survey department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Land Management and Cooperatives of the Government of Nepal is mainly responsible for the establishment, operation and maintenance. Sometimes there are problems and lack of communication between the stakeholders which leads to the problem in data sharing. This may be due to ignorance, lack of knowledge, lack of strong political commitment. Data Producers Data are the functional and fundamental units of SDI. We need to handle the variety of geodata with some characteristics and statistical information. The data contributors are: Survey Department Topographic Survey Division Geodetic Survey Division Cadastral Survey Division National Geographic Information Infrastructure Division Land Use Resource Data Department Department of Mines and Geology Department of National Park and Land Use conservation.DatasetsThe basic datasets produced by the above institutions and organizations areAdministrative boundariesHere the datasets are (local unit level) and oldadministrative border with scale (1:1000000). Topographic Data Here the datasets are Contour (1:250000), Hydrography (1:250000), Building (1:250000), Designated Area (1:250000), Transport (1: 500000), Transport (1:250000) , Utility Lines (1:250000), Contours (1:1000000), Designated Area (1:1000000), Topography (1:1000000). Geodetic Control Point Datasets contain the different control point order as 1st order , 2nd order, 3rd order and 4th order. But the task of the geodetic checkpoint is the continuous process of creating datasets. Cadastral data The datasets contain the entire cadastral map of the entire country with information on land owners. The task of cadastral data is the continuous process of creating datasets. Orthophotos Only a few orthophotos of some cities have been mapped. Orthodata dataset is a continuous process of creating datasets. The following key data for SDI can be listed as Geodetic Control Points, Administrative Boundary, Built-Up Areas, Transport Network, Geology, Land Cover, Hydrographic, Topography, Utilities, Land Registry, DTM, Census. Data Users Analysis of the trend of geodata usage shows that there are increasing trends. Users come from a variety of different fields, including students for research and their projects, ministry of energy for hydroelectric project construction, roads department needing topographic map for road construction, daily property value transaction land. Some comments from them state that the accuracy of the data is low and there are only limited formats. Standards There are many ISO (International Standards Organization) and OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) standards. But in our case it only followed the ISO 19115 standard. Here the standard only defines the following components such as dates, identification, extent, quality, spatial resolution, coordinate system. The rest of the ISO standards do not exist to define things like feature cataloging, web mapping application, online data processing etc. In case of OGC standard they partially follow the web map service but the rest of the service like web functionality service, web coverage service, Cataloging web services etc. are still missing.GeoportalPreviously it was implemented as National Geographic Information Infrastructure but it has been changed since July 2018. The last one is quite good and informative. The geoportal URL is http://nationalgeoportal.gov.np/. The geoportal is the key source for sharing and querying data. Geoportals are characterized by technical and functional characteristics. The software to create the geoportal are Apache, QGIS, ArcGIS, SQL, etc. For search criteria the user must type keywords. Considering the standard followed is Web Map Service. If anyone wants to know about cataloging, then there is information about metadata. Metadata elements contain title, abstract, keywords, category and extension (East, West, North, South). The search query shows the relevant offer where the user can choose based on the need. Contains only the header of the data listed as the user's query. There are no standard search and query functions such as the Catalog Web Service (CSW) defined as OGC standards. Data in image format is delivered only to users. But the downloads are only offered in map format and do not include services. But the downloads are only offered in map format and do not include services. To download the results the user must open the account. All data is retrieved after filling a certain form and then verifying the account. Now the question may arise about the price, normally the price is based on the number of.