Since the election of President Barack Obama, many people have adopted the idea that the nation has progressed and there are even some people who believe that it is time to stop the school, housing and affirmative action employment policies. Unfortunately, however, many people are unaware that there has been an increase in hate crimes and racial profiling. Because of this, a chasm exists between white and black success in schools, career prospects, housing, and the quality of health care (Sadler 1140-1141). But in recent years, affirmative action has been called into question. Michigan, Washington, California, and Florida have outlawed affirmative action policies, and Colorado and Nebraska have pushed for anti-affirmative action efforts (Sadler 1156). Affirmative action policies within universities first became a controversial issue when a white male was rejected from a medical school program. which was aimed primarily at minorities. This particular court case, Regents of University of California v. Bakke 1978, reached the Supreme Court and marked the beginning of several impending controversies regarding affirmative action policies within the school system. The court supported the University, because the University wanted a diverse student population, meaning there was no real favoritism. Although the court did not focus on the primary concern (race), the case only helped set the stage for future proceedings involving affirmative action (Russo 263-264). Once affirmative action policies were implemented, “virtually every institution in American life, including colleges and universities, found themselves under pressure, legal and political, to take 'affirmative' measures to address the impact of the continuing effects of societal discrimination.” (Elli...... at the center of the document ......nson, Kevin R. 2003. The last twenty-five years of affirmative action? Constitutional Commentary 21.1 (2004): 171-190. Murray, Kerrel 2014. Good Will Hunting: How the Supreme Court's Hunting Doctrine Can Still Protect Minorities from Political Process Discrimination. Stanford Law Review 66.2 (2014): 443-475 United: American Update: The Supreme Court and Affirmative Action and the Law 15.4 (2003). : 263-274. Sadler, Joanne and Joseph Sankoh. 2010. Can Affirmative Action Survive a Black President: A Look at the Affirmative action in the era of President Barack Obama. NAAAS Conference Monographs and Affiliates (2011): 1139-1163. Walsh, Mark. 2013. “High Court to tackle race case.” Education Week 33.6 (2013): 1-23.Yoo, John. Race and Constitution. National review 65.1 (2013): 39-43.