Significant Role of the Hippocampus The hippocampus is a small curved region, which exists in both hemispheres of the brain and plays a vital role in emotions, learning and the acquisition of new information. It also contributes significantly to long-term memory, which is permanent information stored in the brain. Although long-term memory is the last piece of information that can be forgotten, nowadays its deterioration has become very common. The dysfunction is exemplified by many neurological disorders such as amnesia. There are two types of amnesia, anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new information, while retrograde refers to the loss of past memory. As suggested by Cipolotti and Bird (2006), hippocampal lesions are responsible for both types of amnesia. According to the multiple trace theory, the author suggests that the hippocampal region plays an important role in the effective retrieval of episodic memory (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). For example, patients with hippocampal damage show largely ungraded retrograde amnesia (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). They have difficulty retrieving information from their nonpersonal episodic events and autobiographical memory. However, this theory conflicts with the standard model of consolidation. The difference between these theories suggests that researchers need to work harder to resolve this controversy. In addition to retrieving information, the hippocampus is also important for obtaining new semantic information, as well as familiarity and recall (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). For example, the VC patient suffering from hippocampal amnesia shows the ability to acquire new semantic knowledge such as vocabularies and factual concepts (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). Furthermore, it is unable to recognize and remember even… the center of the paper… the arcs, repeatedly exposing the rats to the context box helps to minimize interference caused by contextual information (Kim, 2014). Kim also suggests that after bicuculline treatment, increased spatial memory and contextual learning interfere with the encoding of information, thus impairing the remembering process. References Cipolotti, L., & Bird, C. M. (2006). Amnesia and hippocampus. Current Opinion Neurology, 19(6), 593-598. Eichenbaum, H., Otto, T., & Cohen, N. J. (1992). The hippocampus: what does it do? Behavioral and Neural Biology, 57(1), 2-36.Min, K.J., Hyun, K.D., Lee, Y., Jin, P.S., & Hoon, R.J. (2014). Distinct roles of the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex in the enhancement of object recognition memory induced by GABAA receptor blockade. Brain research.