Mobile shopping is achieved through downloadable smartphone applications, mobile web applications, and mobile-ready POS or in-store smart client software applications. Mobile purchasing systems can be used by retailers to make both in-store and curbside sales; marketing features such as location-based messaging for merchandise promotions, advertising, mobile coupons and loyalty programs; proximity and non-proximity payment functions inside and outside the point of sale; order management, customer feedback, customer follow-up and mobile phone-based reporting and performance management; enjoy real-time product information for consumers on the go; provide product comparisons, provide updates on upcoming deals or offers (Chen,