So what kind of effects does terrorism have on the mind of a citizen of an attacked country? A month after the events of 9/11, Matthew G. Whalley and Chris R. Brewin conducted a general population study on stress levels in the region of the original incident and throughout the United States, the study showed that an increase of stress levels extends well beyond the region of impact. Fred Charatan also explains in his article that after 9/11 there was a 22% increase in self-inflicted cases across the United States, including substance abuse, self-harm, suicide, and many other cases. Civilians who lost someone in such tragic events have difficulty dealing with the tragedy, civilians who witnessed the events may be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder which is usually diagnosed in soldiers in combat and can be found in witnesses of the terrorism, also shown in Fred's article. Overall events like this make citizens uncomfortable and give the idea that they are not safe even behind their own countries