By adhering to their state law or creating a state law that opposes national law, they are committing a crime. Regardless, state law has been usurped by federal law, and Kaczorowski says the authors of the civilian policies intended to punish judges and officials the same as civilians. As discussed in the last paragraph, if the United States guaranteed civil rights, instead of entrusting the rights to the states to pass them on, the central government was responsible for adhering to punishing any dissenters of the law. Some historians argue that only civilians could be punished when they violate a civil rights law, but Kaczorowki argues that the framers intended to punish even the highest leader even if he obeyed his state. Kaczorowski's