Legislation dealing with labor issues is left to the provinces to determine whether federal employees fall under the Canadian Labor Code and how employers and workers are represented by unions , in both the private and public sectors, agree on working conditions determined by provincial and federal laws and regulations. This includes the rules that govern how unions operate, work stoppages, and the collective bargaining process. (Dachis & Hebdon, 2010, p. 1) Union representation and collective bargaining have a long history of benefiting not only direct union members but the workforce at large. regardless of union membership. Employers adopt union wage rates and similar benefits to discourage their workers from seeking official representation, as seen in the paid curbs that are the standard around the world. levels of unionization” (Broadbent). The CD Howe Institute describes “Strikes, lockouts and other outcomes of employer-employee negotiations, however, not only affect unionized employees – approximately one in three working Canadians – but have repercussions far beyond the negotiating parties” (Dachis and Hebdon , 2010, p..